During exercise, pulmonary artery pressure remains relatively stable despite increased cardiac output. Which mechanism best explains this?

  1. Pulmonary arterial vasoconstriction and reduced capillary perfusion
  2. Pulmonary capillary recruitment and distension
  3. Increased right ventricular contractility causing increased pulmonary vascular resistance
  4. Closure of alveolar capillaries to maintain ventilation–perfusion matching