1. Decreased RMP
2. Velocity (Vmax) of Ph 0 decreases as RMP becomes less negative
3. Threshold potential decreases (from -75mV to -70mV)
4. Increase in slope of Ph 2 & 3 shortening repolarisation time (responsible for ST-T depression, peaked Tw & QT shortening)

Hyperkalaemia Revisited, Parham W et al,  Tex Heart Inst J 2006;33:40-7

This qn was recalled as something in regards to a defibrillator capacitance refers to…  Capacitance is the ability to store charge (SI = Farad)

Too easy. They could potentially confuse by asking you the most lateral structure in the femoral sheath (as opposed to the triangle which does not contain the nerve)

An additional variable added to the 2019 MCQ  

The ductus arteriosus is a fetal vessel that allows the oxygenated blood from the placenta to bypass the fetal lungs in utero. At birth, a newborn inhales for the first time and the lungs fill with air, causing pulmonary vascular resistance to drop and blood to flow from the right ventricle to the lungs where it can undergo oxygenation. The increased arterial oxygen tension and decrease in blood flow through the ductus arteriosus causes the ductus to constrict and functionally close by 12 to 24 hours of age in healthy, full-term newborns, with permanent (anatomic) closure occurring within 2 to 3 weeks. In premature infants, the ductus arteriosus does not close rapidly and may require pharmacologic or surgical closure to treat unwanted repercussions

• Patent Ductus Arteriosus
• Maria Gillam-Krakauer; Kunal Mahajan.

Harvesting the Radial Artery Arie Blitz et al

Paramagnetic Oxygen Analyser Clarke Electrode

  Isovolumetric ventricular contraction

• The beginning of this phase corresponds with the peak of the R wave
• This corresponds to Phase 0 (rapid sodium influx) of the ventricular myocyte action potential
• The ventricles begin to contract during this period
• This contraction increases the ventricular chamber pressure and closes the mitral and tricuspid valves.
• As a result, there is a fixed ventricular volume during this contraction

Deranged Physiology

Just be sure you are answering the correct qn as there are Dermatome, Myotome & Reflex MCQs

This qn was not well recalled but related to the pupillary light reflex – learn the pathways & their connections 

• The PLR has traditionally been divided into two separate pathways based on the clinical manifestations of the defects in this reflex.
• The afferent pathway is composed of both the retinal cells that project to the pretectum as well as their recipient neurons, which project bilaterally to the EW nucleus (Figure 1).
• The efferent pathway is composed of the preganglionic pupilloconstriction fibers of the EW nucleus and their postganglionic recipient neurons in the ciliary ganglion, which project to the sphincter muscle of the iris (Figure 1).

When each pretectal nucleus projects bilaterally and synapses in both Edinger-Westphal nuclei (cranial nerve III), the activated Edinger-Westphal nuclei begin the efferent limb of the reflex by generating action potentials. The axons of these preganglionic parasympathetic neurons send the signals along the oculomotor nerve to the post-ganglionic nerve fibers of the ciliary ganglion

Deranged Physiology

For drugs with low extraction ratio:

• only unbound drug penetrates membranes and is available for elimination. An increase of the unbound fraction will thus proportionally increase the clearance
• Variation of the organ’s intrinsic ability to eliminate the drug will also slightly affect organ clearance

• Anidulafungin has potent and broad antifungal activity against Candida and Aspergillus spp., including those resistant to fluconazole
• It does not undergo metabolism but is eliminated through spontaneous degradation with linear kinetics and a terminal half-life of 40 to 50 hours
• Neither end-stage renal impairment nor dialysis substantially alters the pharmacokinetics of anidulafungin.

• Crt & Cystatin both indirect measurements
• PAH is for RBF
• Lithium for proximal fluid reabsorption