Questions Sorted by Year
- 23B01: Explain why the oxygen-haemoglobin saturation value derived by a pulse oximeter (SpO2) could be different from the measured arterial value (SaO2)
- 23B02: Outline the anatomy of the cardiac ventricles including the chambers, valves and conduction elements
- 23B03: Describe the physiological mechanisms by which the kidney is able to concentrate urine
- 23B04: Classify the mechanisms of action of anti-convulsant drugs (30% marks). Outline the pharmacology of gabapentin (70% marks)
- 23B05: Outline the carbohydrate and lipid energy stores of the body (15% marks). Outline the metabolic responses to starvation under the following headings: <24 hours; 24-72 hours; and >72 hours (85% marks)
- 23B06: Explain perfusion limited and diffusion limited transfer of gases in the alveolus
- 23B07: Describe the mechanism of action, dose, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of clonidine
- 23B08: Compare and contrast the pharmacology of frusemide and acetazolamide
- 23B09: Outline the classification, structure and distribution of the opioid receptors (50% marks). Describe the intracellular events following opioid receptor activation (50% marks)
- 23B10: Outline the impact of sedative agents on thermoregulation (40% marks). Describe the physiological effects of a low body temperature (60% marks)
- 23B11: Describe the mechanism of action, dose, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of aminophylline
- 23B12: List the effects of stimulation of adrenoreceptors on target organs and tissues (60% marks). Describe the mechanism of action and pharmacokinetics of metoprolol (40% marks)
- 23B14: Describe the physiological factors that influence cerebral blood flow?
- 23B15: Describe the components and function of the complement system including the role, activation and control?
- 23B16: Outline the anatomy of the larynx
- 23B17: Describe the consequences for the left ventricle of a sudden and sustained increase in afterload.
- 23B18: Compare and contrast the pharmacology of Hartmann’s solution and 0.9% saline?
- 23B19: Describe the mechanism of action, dose, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ceftriaxone
- 23B20: Outline the anatomy (60% marks) and synaptic physiology (40% marks) of the vagus nerve
- 23A01: Outline the abnormalities in the following arterial blood gas (25% of Marks). Explain the Stewart approach to acid-base interpretation (75% of Marks)
- 23A02: Describe the factors affecting drug absorption throughout the gastrointestinal tract
- 23A03: Outline the principles of measurement of end-tidal CO2 using infrared radiation (25% of Marks). Describe the potential sources of error when using this modality and how they may be mitigated (75% of Marks)
- 23A04: Explain the structural features of the alveolus that facilitate its function?
- 23A05: Describe renal handling of potassium (60% of Marks), including physiological factors that may influence it (40% of Marks)
- 23A06: Describe pancreatic secretions and their regulation
- 23A07: Define basal metabolic rate and outline the factors that affect it (60% of marks). Outline the ways it may be measured (40% of Marks)
- 23A08: Describe the cardiovascular and respiratory effects of positive pressure ventilation
- 23A09: Define pain (10% of Marks). Describe how pain is detected and modulated in response to a peripheral noxious stimulus? (90% of Marks)
- 23A10: Describe the pharmacology of salbutamol (70% of Marks), including the principles and efficacy of methods of delivery (30% of Marks)
- 23A11: Outline the Vaughan Williams classification of anti-arhythmic drugs with examples (30% of Marks). Describe the relevant pharmacology of adenosine (70% of Marks)
- 23A12: Describe the physiology of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
- 23A13: Describe the structure and function of adult hemoglobin.
- 23A14: Describe the pharmacology of oxygen
- 23A15: Describe the adult coronary circulation (50% of Marks) and its regulation (50% of Marks)
- 23A16: Outline the role of the hypothalamus
- 23A17: Explain the following components of an electrocardiogram (ECG) machine; electrodes, leads, amplifiers and filters. (70% of Marks) Outline methods employed to reduce artefact. (30% of Marks)
- 23A18: Explain the respiratory changes that occur at term in pregnancy
- 23A19: Describe factors that prolong the action of neuromuscular blocking agents (60% of Marks) Outline the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of vecuronium (40% of Marks)
- 23A20: Compare and contrast the relevant pharmacology of intravenous adrenaline and vasopressin
- 22B01: Describe the pharmacology of midazolam
- 22B02: Compare and contrast fresh frozen plasma and prothrombin complex concentrate
- 22B03: Briefly outline the major somatosensory pathways of the body (excluding cranial nerves)
- 22B04: List the physiological factors which increase respiratory rate and explain their mechanism
- 22B05: Outline the structure of fast cardiac sodium channels and describe in detail how they work
- 22B07: Describe the physiological mechanisms by which the kidney is able to concentrate urine22B07:
- 22B08: Classify calcium channel blockers providing examples (15% marks). Describe the pharmacology of verapamil (85% marks)
- 22B09: List any five classes of antibiotics with anti-staphylococcal activity and provide one example of each class. Outline the mechanism of action and side effects of the five drugs
- 22B10: Draw a labelled diagram of both the aortic root and radial artery pressure waveforms in a young adult using the same axis (60% marks). Explain the factors that account for the differences between these two waveforms (40% marks)
- 22B11: Describe the body fluid compartments
- 22B12: Describe the effects of ageing on the cardiovascular system
- 22B13: Compare and contrast the pharmacology of EPHEDRINE and METARAMINOL
- 22B14: Describe the physiological role, distribution and regulation of potassium ions (K+ )
- 22B15: Describe the anatomical (20% marks) and physiological (80% marks) features of the pulmonary circulation
- 22B16: Describe how the values for PaO2, PaCO2, pH and bicarbonate are determined on a blood gas sample
- 22B18: Describe the generation of ATP by mitochondria (50% marks) and outline the processes by which ATP is generated in red blood cells (50% marks)
- 22B19: What are receptors? (20% marks). Discuss the relationship between the properties of a drug and potential receptor response under the following headings: agonists, partial agonists, inverse agonists and antagonists (80% marks)
- 22B20: Describe the pharmacokinetics of prednisone (50% marks). List the cardiovascular, renal, metabolic, haematological and immunological effects of prednisone (50% marks)
- 22A01: Outline the effects of critical illness on drug pharmacokinetics, including examples
- 22A02: Explain the mechanisms of transport of substances across cell membranes including appropriate examples (75% marks). Outline the structure and function of the Na+/K+-ATPase pump (25% marks)
- 22A03: Define respiratory compliance, include its components and their normal values (25% marks). Explain the factors that affect respiratory compliance (75% marks)
- 22A04: Describe the mechanisms of action and potential adverse effects of inhaled nitric oxide and prostacyclin
- 22A05: Write short notes on the pharmacology of labetalol and esmolol, highlighting their differences
- 22A06: Describe the cardiovascular changes seen throughout pregnancy
- 22A07: Write notes comparing the use of serum creatinine and creatinine clearance in the assessment of renal function in the critically ill
- 22A08: Describe the regulation of body water
- 22A09: Describe the pharmacology of 4% albumin
- 22A10: Discuss the determinants of intracranial pressure (80% marks) and outline how it can be measured (20% marks)
- 22A11: Outline the structure and function of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor (25% marks). Discuss the pharmacology of ketamine (75% marks)
- 22A12: Describe the process of excitation-contraction coupling and relaxation in smooth muscle
- 22A13: Compare and contrast the pharmacology of Suxamethonium and Rocuronium
- 22A14: Describe the neural integration of vomiting, highlighting the site and mechanism of action of antiemetics
- 22A15: Describe the sequence of haemostatic events following injury to a blood vessel wall until clot stabilisation
- 22A16: Outline the impact of sedative agents on thermoregulation (40%) and describe the physiological effects of a low body temperature (60%)
- 22A17: Write notes on: 1. The principles of ultrasound, 2. Transducer properties and image resolution, 3. The Doppler effect
- 22A18: Describe the anatomy of the left subclavian vein
- 22A19: Describe the physiological factors that affect PaCO2
- 22A20: Describe the physiological control of systemic vascular resistance (SVR)
- 21B01: Describe the regulation of body water
- 21B02: Describe the pharmacology of lidoocaine
- 21B03: Discuss the physiological determinants of cardiac output
- 21B04: Compare the pharmacology of fluconazole and amphotericin
- 21B05: Write detailed notes on angiotensin, including its synthesis, role within the body and regulation
- 21B06: Describe the functions of the placenta (80% marks). Outline the determinants of placental blood flow (20% marks)
- 21B07: Outline how the measurement of the following can be used in the assessment of liver function (25% marks of each) • Albumin • PT • Glucose • Ammonia
- 21B08: Describe the anatomy of the internal jugular vein including surface anatomy landmarks relevant to central venous line insertion
- 21B09: Outline the classification and effects of beta-blocking drugs, including examples (50% marks). Compare and contrast the pharmacokinetics of metoprolol with esmolol (50% marks)
- 21B10: Describe the ventilation / perfusion (V/Q) relationships in the upright lung according to West’s zones (40%). Explain the physiological mechanisms responsible for these relationships (60%)
- 21B11: Provide a detailed account of the side-effects of armiodarone
- 21B12: Explain the physiological factors that affect airway resistance
- 21B13: Describe the factors that affect mixed venous oxygen saturation
- 21B14: Describe the production, action and regulation of thyroid hormones
- 21B15: Classify and describe the mechanisms of drug interactions with examples
- 21B16: Classify the anti-psychotic drugs (25%). Outline the pharmacology of haloperidol (75% marks)
- 21B17: Explain the components of an ECG (electrocardiogram) monitor (70% marks). Outline the methods employed to reduce artefact (30% marks)
- 21B18: Outline the neural pathways for the pupillary light, corneal, oculomotor and gag reflexes. The anatomical course of nerves is NOT required
- 21B19: Outline the process of fibrinolysis (40% marks). Write short notes on the indications, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics and side effects of tranexamic acid (60% marks)
- 21B20: Describe the physical principles of haemodialysis and haemofiltration, including the factors affecting clearance (80% marks). Outline the key components of renal replacement fluids (20% marks)
- 21A01: Describe the pharmacology of adrenaline
- 21A02: Describe the work of breathing and its components
- 21A03: Outline the formation, structure, and function of the platelet
- 21A04: Outline the dose (10% marks), composition (60% marks) and side effects (30% marks) of total parenteral nutrition (TPN)
- 21A05: Outline the factors that determine central venous pressure (60% marks) and explain how it is measured (40% marks)
- 21A06: Describe the pharmacology of vecuronium, including factors that prolong its action of neuromuscular blockade
- 21A07: Outline the anatomy of the blood supply (arteries and veins) of the gastrointestinal system (oesophagus to anus)
- 21A08: Describe renal handling of potassium (60% marks), including factors that may influence it (40% marks)
- 21A09: Outline the mechanisms by which normal body temperature is maintained and regulated
- 21A10: How does warfarin exert its pharmacological effect (40% marks)? Write brief notes on the pharmacology of the agents that can be used to reverse the effects of warfarin (60% marks)
- 21A11: Describe the buffer systems in the body
- 21A12: Describe the pharmacology of oxycodone.
- 21A13: List the cell types in the anterior pituitary gland. Outline their secretions, control and target organ effects
- 21A14: Describe the pharmacology of sodium bicarbonate
- 21A15: Explain perfusion limited and diffusion limited transfer of gases in the alveolus
- 21A16: Describe the pharmacology of piperacillin-tazobactam
- 21A17: Describe the principles of measurement of arterial haemoglobin O2 saturation using a pulse oximeter (60% marks). Outline the limitations of this technique (40% marks)
- 21A18: Outline the pharmacology of intravenous magnesium sulphate
- 21A19: Describe the adult coronary circulation (50% marks) and its regulation (50% marks)
- 21A20: Outline the physiological factors that influence cerebral blood flow
- 20B01: Describe and compare the action potentials from cardiac ventricular muscle cells and the sino-atrial node
- 20B02: Define functional residual capacity (10% marks). Outline the functions (70% marks) of the functional residual capacity and the factors affecting it (20% marks).
- 20B03: Describe the pharmacology of hydrocortisone
- 20B04: Outline the role of the liver in the metabolism of fat (1⁄3 marks), carbohydrate (1⁄3 marks) and proteins (1⁄3 marks)
- 20B05: Describe the anatomy (70% marks) and effects (30% marks) of the sympathetic nervous system
- 20B06: Classify the oral hypoglycaemic drugs (20% marks); include their mechanism of action (40% marks) and their most significant side effects (40% marks)
- 20B07: Compare and contrast external ventricular drains and intraparenchymal fibreoptic pressure monitors
- 20B08: Describe the cough Reflex
- 20B09: Outline the daily nutritional requirements, including electrolytes, for a normal 70 kg adult
- 20B10: Describe the pharmacology of suxamethonium
- 20B11: Describe the changes in the circulatory system that occur during exercise
- 20B12: Describe the physiology (50% marks) and pharmacology (50% marks) of albumin
- 20B13: Describe the anatomical (20% marks) and physiological (80% marks) features of the pulmonary circulation
- 20B14: Outline the anatomy of the larynx
- 20B15: Compare and contrast the pharmacology of dobutamine and levosimendan
- 20B16: Describe the formation of gastric acid (50% marks) and the regulation of gastric acid secretion (50% marks)
- 20B17: Describe the pharmacology of inhaled nitric oxide (NO)
- 20B18: Define afterload (10% marks) and describe the physiological factors that may affect afterload on the left ventricle (90% marks)
- 20B19: Explain how the kidney handles an acid load.
- 20B20: Describe the pharmacology of intravenous sodium nitroprusside
- 20A01: Describe the carriage of carbon dioxide in blood
- 20A02: Describe the pharmacology of glyceryl trinitrate (GTN).
- 20A03: Outline the potential adverse consequences of blood transfusion
- 20A04: Explain the counter-current mechanism in the kidney.
- 20A05: Outline the mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance (50% of marks). Briefly outline the pharmacology of ciprofloxacin (50% of marks).
- 20A06: Outline how the respiratory system of a neonate differs from that of an adult
- 20A07: Describe the physiological control of systemic vascular resistance (SVR)
- 20A08: Describe the production, metabolism and role of lactate.
- 20A09: Outline the changes to drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics that occur at term in pregnancy
- 20A10: Compare and contrast the pharmacology of noradrenaline and vasopressin.
- 20A11: Describe the structure and function of adult haemoglobin.
- 20A12: Explain resonance and its significance and the effects of damping on invasive arterial blood pressure measurement
- 20A13: Explain the control of breathing
- 20A14: Describe the pharmacology of frusemide.
- 20A15: Define bioavailability (10% of marks). Outline the factors which affect it (90% of marks).
- 20A16: Outline the formation, circulation and functions of cerebrospinal fluid
- 20A17: Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the use of an intravenous infusion of fentanyl in comparison to morphine.
- 20A18: Describe the respiratory changes that occur throughout pregnancy
- 20A19: Discuss the determinants of venous return to the heart.
- 20A20: Outline the distribution, absorption, elimination, regulation and physiological role of phosphate.
- 19B01: Describe the physiological consequences of the oral ingestion of litre of water in a young adult.
- 19B02: Describe renal blood flow and its regulation (80% of marks). Outline the impact of adrenoreceptor agonists on renal blood flow (20% of marks).
- 19B03: Describe the relationship between muscle length and tension (50% of marks). Outline the physiologic significance of this relationship in cardiac muscle (50% of marks).
- 19B04: Outline the pharmacology of intravenously administered magnesium sulphate.
- 19B05: Describe the anatomical course and relations of the trachea and bronchial tree (to the level of the segmental bronchi).
- 19B06: Outline the factors that determine central venous pressure and explain how it is measured.
- 19B07: Define closing capacity (10% of marks). Describe the factors that alter it (30% of marks), its clinical significance (30% of marks) and one method of measuring it (30% of marks).
- 19B08: Outline the pharmacology of drugs used to treat asthma.
- 19B09 : Compare and contrast the pharmacology of propofol and midazolam.
- 19B10: Describe the principles of capnography, including calibration, sources of error and limitations.
- 19B11: Outline the composition of plasma (50% of marks). Describe the functions of albumin (50% of marks).
- 19B12: Define pain. Outline the processes by which pain is detected in response to a peripheral noxious stimulus.
- 19B13: Describe the exocrine functions of the pancreas.
- 19B14: Outline the classification and effects of beta-blocking drugs with examples (505 of marks). Compare and contrast the pharmacokinetics of metoprolol with esmolol (50% of marks).
- 19B15: Define clearance and HER. Describe the role of the liver in drug clearance w examples
- 19B16: Compare the structure, function and coronary circulation of the right and left ventricles
- 19B17: Explain respiratory compliance and outline the factors that affect it.
- 19B18: Compare and contrast the pharmacology of metaraminol and noradrenaline.
- 19B19: SAQ 19 Describe the pharmacology of Atropine
- 19B20: Compare the pharmacology of piperacillin-tazobactam and ciprofloxacin.
- 19A01: Describe the pharmacology of lignocaine.
- 19A02: Outline the components required to measure blood pressure from an intra-arterial catheter (75% of marks). What information (other than blood pressure) may be gained from an arterial line trace (25% of marks)?
- 19A03: Compare and contrast fresh frozen plasma and prothrombin complex concentrate.
- 19A04: Outline the functional anatomy of the kidney (40% of marks). Outline the regulation of renal blood flow (60% of marks).
- 19A05: Define volume of distribution (15% of marks). Outline the factors affecting volume of distribution (60% of marks) and explain how it may be measured (25% of marks).
- 19A06: Outline the physiology of the adrenal gland (70% of marks). Describe the actions of aldosterone (30% of marks)
- 19A07 : Compare and contrast the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of midazolam and dexmedetomidine.
- 19A08: Compare and contrast the measurement (40% of marks) and interpretation (60% of marks) of both central venous and mixed venous oxygen saturations
- 19A09: Classify antibiotics with respect to their mechanism of action (50% of marks). Outline the mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance (50% of marks). Give specific examples of each.
- 19A10: Outline the sequence of haemostatic events after injury to a blood vessel wall (50% of marks). Discuss the role of naturally occurring anticoagulants in preventing clot formation in-vivo (50% of marks).
- 19A11: Describe the physiology of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (60% of marks). Describe the anatomy relevant to performing a lumbar puncture (40% of marks).
- 19A12: Compare and contrast the pharmacology of salbutamol and ipratropium bromide.
- 19A13: Classify circulatory shock and provide examples (40% marks). Outline the cardiovascular responses (60%)
- 19A14: Compare and contrast the mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics and adverse effects of digoxin and sotalol.
- 19A15 : Describe the physiology of the NMDA (N-Methyl D-aspartate) receptor (40% of marks). Outline the pharmacology of ketamine (60% of marks).
- 19A16: Describe the role of carbon dioxide in the control of alveolar ventilation
- 19A17: Explain the physiology of neuromuscular transmission.
- 19A18: Describe the pharmacology of frusemide.
- 19A19: Describe the effects of ageing on the respiratory system.
- 19A20: Describe the cardiovascular effects of positive pressure ventilation on a patient who has received a long acting muscle relaxant.
- 18B01: Describe the surface anatomy of the anterior neck (30% of marks) and the underlying structures relevant to performing a tracheostomy (70% of marks)
- 18B02: Compare and contrast amiodarone and digoxin.
- 18B03: Explain the causes of the differences between measured end tidal and arterial partial pressures of carbon dioxide (CO2).
- 18B04 : Compare and contrast ketamine and midazolam.
- 18B05: Describe the carriage of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood.
- 18B06: Outline the determinants of venous return to the heart.
- 18B07: Describe protein binding and its significance in pharmacology.
- 18B08: Describe gastric emptying (40% of marks) and outline its regulation (60% of marks).
- 18B09: Describe the renal handling of water including the modulation of water excretion.
- 18B10: Compare and contrast the pharmacology of vancomycin and flucloxacillin.
- 18B11: Describe the anatomy relevant to the insertion of an intercostal catheter.
- 18B12: Outline the control of blood glucose’
- 18B13: Compare and contrast rocuronium and cisatracurium.
- 18B14: Explain the detection and response to hypoxaemia.
- 18B15: Outline the production / absorption (30% of marks), composition (30% of marks) and function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (40% of marks).
- 18B16: Describe the forces that result in fluid exchange across capillary membranes.
- 18B17: Describe ketone bodies including their synthesis and metabolism.
- 18B18: Describe the factors affecting left ventricular function.
- 18B19: Describe toxicity of local anaesthetic agents.
- 18B20: Describe the pharmacology of heparin highlighting important differences between unfractionated and fractionated (low molecular weight) heparin.
- 18A01: Describe the carriage of oxygen in the blood, including total oxygen delivery per minute.
- 18A02: Compare and contrast the pharmacology of adrenaline and milrinone.
- 18A03: Define dead space and its components (30% of marks). Explain how these may be measured (35% of marks) and describe the physiological impact of increased dead space (35% of marks).
- 18A04: Describe the renal handling of sodium.
- 18A05: Compare and contrast the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics of IV fentanyl and IV remifentanil (60 marks). Discuss the concept of context sensitive half-time using these drugs as examples (40 marks)
- 18A06: Define a buffer (25% of marks). Describe how acid and base shifts in the blood are buffered (75% of marks).
- 18A07: Outline the blood supply to the gastrointestinal system (arteries and veins).
- 18A08: Outline the principle of co-oximetry (40 marks) + describe what a co-oximeter is able to measure (30 marks) + Compare its limitations to those of a pulse oximeter (30 marks)
- 18A09: Describe the functions of the placenta (80% of marks). Outline the determinants of placental blood flow (20% of marks)
- 18A10: Outline the advantages (15% of marks) and disadvantages (85% of marks) of the clinical use of suxamethonium.
- 18A11: Describe the regulation of the coronary circulation.
- 18A12: Briefly describe the cardiac events that occur during ventricular diastole.
- 18A13: Explain the difference between viscosity and density (10% of marks). Describe the effects of changes in viscosity and density on the flow of gases and liquids (90% of marks).
- 18A14: Classify anticholinesterase drugs according to chemical interaction with an example of each (30% of marks). Outline the pharmacodynamic effects of anticholinesterase drugs and their clinical indications (70% of marks).
- 18A15: Describe the physiological regulation of intracranial pressure.
- 18A16: Compare and contrast the pharmacology of furosemide (frusemide) and acetazolamide.
- 18A17: Define the osmolality and tonicity of an intravenous fluid (20% of marks). Compare and contrast the pharmacology of intravenous Normal Saline 0.9% and 5% Dextrose (80% of marks).
- 18A18: Compare & contrast non-invasive oscillometric and invasive arterial blood pressure monitoring
- 18A19: Explain the mechanisms by which normal body temperature is maintained and regulated.
- 18A20: Outline the structure (20% of marks) and function (80% of marks) of the hypothalamus.
- 17B01: Compare and contrast the pharmacology of ibuprofen and paracetamol.
- 17B02: Outline the daily nutritional requirements, including electrolytes, for a normal 70kg adult
- 17B03: Describe the factors that determine the filtered load of a substance at the renal glomerulus.
- 17B04: Describe how interstitial fluid recirculates to the vascular system.
- 17B05: Compare and contrast unfractionated heparin with low molecular weight heparin.
- 17B06: Describe the effects of Ventilation/Perfusion (V/Q) inequality on the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) in arterial blood.
- 17B07: Compare and contrast the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
- 17B08: Classify calcium channel antagonists and give one example of each class (30% of marks). Describe the pharmacology of Nimodipine including important drug interactions (70% of marks).
- 17B09: Briefly outline the formation, absorption, distribution, role and composition of cerebrospinal fluid.
- 17B10: Compare and contrast two methods of measuring cardiac output
- 17B11 : Describe the pharmacology of propofol.
- 17B12 : Compare and contrast aspirin and clopidogrel
- 17B13: Compare and contrast the pharmacology of intravenous fentanyl and morphine.
- 17B14: Explain the mechanisms responsible for the cell resting membrane potential (60% of marks) and describe the Gibbs Donnan Effect (40% of marks).
- 17B15: List the properties of an ideal inotrope (50% of marks). How does adrenaline compare to these ideal properties (50% of marks)?
- 17B16: Classify and describe adverse drug reactions with examples of each
- 17B17: Define and explain damping, resonance, critical damping and optimum damping
- 17B18: Draw and numerically label, on a spirogram, the lung volumes and capacities of a 30 kg child.
- 17B19: Describe the physiology of a vasovagal syncope
- 17B20: Outline the functions of the liver.
- 17B21: Describe and compare the action potentials from cardiac ventricular muscle and the sinoatrial node.
- 17B22: Define bioavailability. Outline the factors which affect it.
- 17B23: Outline the anatomy of the internal jugular vein relevant to central venous line cannulation (80% of marks). Include important anatomical variations (20% of marks)
- 17B24: What is functional residual capacity (30% of marks)? Describe two methods of measuring functional residual capacity (70% of marks).
- 17A01: Outline the anatomy and physiology of the parasympathetic nervous system.
- 17A02: Outline the components of dietary fat (20% of marks). Describe their possible metabolic fates (80% of marks).
- 17A03: Classify and describe the mechanisms of drug interactions with examples.
- 17A04: Describe the endocrine functions of the kidney.
- 17A05: Describe the regulation of plasma calcium concentration
- 17A07: Compare and contrast the systemic circulation with the pulmonary circulation.
- 17A08: Describe the physiological consequences of decreasing the functional residual capacity (FRC) in an adult by 1 litre.
- 17A09: Outline how the following tests assess coagulation
- 17A10: Describe the pharmacology of hydrocortisone.
- 17A11: Outline the anatomical relations of the trachea relevant to performing a percutaneous tracheostomy
- 17A12: Describe the pharmacology of oxycodone.
- 17A13: Outline the anatomy relevant to the insertion of a Dorsalis Pedis arterial cannula (50% of marks). Explain the differences between blood pressure measurement at this site compared to measurement at the aortic arch (50% of marks).
- 17A14: Define respiratory compliance (20% of marks). Describe the factors that affect it (80% of marks).
- 17A15: Outline the cardiovascular changes associated with morbid obesity.
- 17A16: List the potential problems resulting from blood transfusion and methods used to minimize them.
- 17A17 : Compare and contrast the pharmacology of phenytoin and levetiracetam.
- 17A18: Outline the functional anatomy of the kidneys (40% of marks). Outline the regulation of renal blood flow (60% of marks).
- 17A19: Define mixed venous PO2 (20% of marks). Outline the factors that affect this value (80% of marks)
- 17A20: Describe the pharmacology of vasopressin (70% of marks) and its analoyues (30% of marks).
- 17A21: Explain the potential causes of a difference between the measured end tidal CO2 and the arterial partial pressure of CO2.
- 17A22: Outline the functions of the liver.
- 17A23: Draw and label a left ventricular pressure volume loop in a normal adult (40% of marks). List the information that can be obtained from this loop (60% of marks).
- 17A24: Outline the physiology of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF).
- 16B01: Outline the distribution of calcium in normal plasma (20% of marks). Describe the hormonal control of the calcium concentration in the plasma (80% of marks).
- 16B02: Compare and contrast the mechanisms of action and toxicity of sodium nitroprusside and glyceryl trinitrate (GTN).
- 16B03: Describe the factors that determine glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in the kidney (70% of marks). Outline methods by which GFR can be measured (30% of marks).
- 16B04: Categorise the drugs used in the treatment of asthma, give examples and outline their mechanisms of action.
- 16B05: Describe the physiological factors that affect pulmonary arterial pressure (65% of marks). Write short notes on the use of inhaled nitric oxide as a pulmonary vasodilator (35% of marks).
- 16B06: Describe the factors that affect airways resistance.
- 16B07: Compare and contrast the supply and demand of oxygen for the right and left ventricle.
- 16B08: Compare and contrast the pharmacology of ranitidine and omeprazole.
- 16B09: Describe the immunology and drug treatment of anaphylaxis
- 16B11: Compare the action potentials of a sino-atrial node cell and a myocardial cell
- 16B12: Compare and contrast the pharmacokinetics and adverse effects of morphine and fentanyl.
- 16B13: Outline the anatomy and physiology of liver blood flow (60% of marks). Explain the changes to drug metabolism when liver blood flow decreases (40% of marks).
- 16B14: Describe the features of a red blood cell that facilitate oxygen transport
- 16B15: Compare and contrast the pharmacology of noradrenaline and dobutamine
- 16B16: Outline the influence of pregnancy on pharmacokinetics
- 16B17: Draw a labelled diagram of both the aortic root and radial artery pressure waveforms in a young adult using the same axis (60% of marks). Explain the factors that account for the differences between these two waveforms (40% of marks).
- 16B18: Discuss the determinants of intracranial pressure (80% of marks). Outline how it can be measured (20% of marks).
- 16B19: Describe how Starling forces determine fluid flux within the pulmonary capillary bed.
- 16B20: Describe the mechanisms by which heat is lost from the body (40% of marks).Discuss the importance of each of these in a sedated and intubated adult patient (60% of marks).
- 16B21: Classify anti-arrhythmic drugs by mechanism of action, giving examples of each (75% of marks). Describe the electrophysiological and ECG effects of sotalol (25% of marks).
- 16B22: Outline the physiological factors that affect the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide within the lung.
- 16B23: Compare and contrast the mechanism of action, spectrum of activity and adverse effects of benzyl penicillin and fluconazole.
- 16B24: Outline the tracheal (60% of marks) and left and right main bronchial anatomy (40% of marks) in an adult.
- 16A01: Outline the determinants of oxygen delivery to the tissues.
- 16A02: Describe the respiratory and cardiovascular effects of applying 10 cm of PEEP (positive end-expiratory pressure) to a healthy mechanically ventilated adult.
- 16A03: Compare the physiology of the apex of the lung with the base of the lung in the upright position.
- 16A04: Discuss the factors that influence filtration across the glomerular basement membrane.
- 16A05: Describe the composition, formation and functions of bile.
- 16A06: Outline the formation, structure and function of the platelet.
- 16A07: Describe the cardiovascular changes of pregnancy including parturition
- 16A08: Describe the characteristics of a drug that influence its excretion by the kidneys.
- 16A09: Describe the essential components of an ECG monitor (80% of marks). Outline the methods employed to reduce artefact (20% of marks).
- 16A10: Outline the pharmacology of warfarin.
- 16A11: Provide a detailed account of the side effects of Amiodarone.
- 16A12: In relation to neuromuscular blocking drugs – Discuss the factors that influence the speed of ONSET of neuromuscular block.
- 16A13: Describe the cardiovascular effects of a sudden increase in afterload.
- 16A14: Describe the factors that influence intracranial pressure
- 16A15: Describe the structure & function of an alveolus
- 16A16: Outline the anatomy of the subclavian vein relevant to central venous line insertion
- 16A17: Describe the physiology of the thyroid hormones.
- 16A18: Describe the structure and function of the mitochondrion.
- 16A19: Describe the methods of temperature measurement.
- 16A20: Outline the role of the liver in drug pharmacokinetics.
- 16A22: Compare and contrast the mechanism of action (25% of marks), antimicrobial profile (25% of marks), pharmacokinetics (25% of marks) and adverse effects (25% of marks) of Flucloxacillin and Vancomycin.
- 16A23: Classify anti-emetic agents by describing their mechanism of action and provide examples.
- 16A24 : Describe the ideal sedative agent for an Intensive Care patient (50% of marks). How does midazolam compare to this (50% of marks)?
- 15B01: Compare and contrast 0.9% saline and 4% albumin.
- 15B02: Describe the consequences of mild hypothermia in the early post-operative setting.
- 15B03: Compare and contrast renal and hepatic blood flow, and their regulation.
- 15B04: What is functional residual capacity and describe how it is measured.
- 15B05: Explain the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve and the factors that may alter it.
- 15B06: Describe the formation and the metabolic fate of lactate. Outline its role in energy production.
- 15B07: Draw and label a cross section of the lumbar epidural space (50% of marks). Describe the pharmacology of bupivacaine (50% of marks).
- 15B08: Compare and contrast the physiological changes in the cardiovascular system in pregnancy at term and morbid obesity
- 15B09: Describe the principles of measurement of end-tidal CO2, including the sources of error.
- 15B10: Describe the pharmacology of magnesium sulphate.
- 15B11: Compare and contrast the anatomy and physiology of skeletal and smooth muscle.
- 15B12: Define “volume of distribution” and describe the factors that influence it
- 15B13: Describe the control of alveolar ventilation
- 15B14 : Describe the pharmacology of propofol.
- 15B15: Define cardiac preload and describe its determinants.
- 15B16: Describe ammonia metabolism and excretion (70% of marks). Outline the pharmacology of lactulose (30% of marks).
- 15B18 : Describe the stages of sleep (50% of marks). Describe the respiratory physiological changes that occur in sleep (50% of marks).
- 15B19: Describe the fibrinolytic pathway and identify areas of interaction with the coagulation pathway (80% of marks). List two anti-fibrinolytic agents and state their specific mechanism of action (20% of marks).
- 15B20: Compare and contrast the pharmacology of aspirin and clopidogrel
- 15B21: Outline the anatomy of the diaphragm + describe the function of the diaphragm in respiration
- 15B22: Describe the counter-current mechanisms in the kidney (60% of marks) and in the skin (40% of marks).
- 15B23: Describe the factors that affect the partial pressure of CO2 in mixed venous blood
- 15B24 : Compare and contrast the pharmacology of valproic acid and carbamazepine.
- 15A01: Explain the control of breathing
- 15A02: Describe the foetal circulation and the changes that occur at birth
- 15A03 : Describe the structure and function of the blood brain barrier.
- 15A04: Describe the mechanisms by which water and electrolytes are reabsorbed across the renal tubules.
- 15A05: Classify gram positive bacteria with examples (20% of marks). Outline the pharmacology of vancomycin (80% of marks).
- 15A06: Outline the physiology of pancreatic secretion (80% of marks) and outline the pharmacology of octreotide (20% of marks).
- 15A07: Outline the physiological responses to the rapid intravenous administration of 1 litre of 0.9 % saline to a 70 kg euvolaemic person.
- 15A08: How does warfarin exert its anti-coagulant effect (50% of marks)? Outline the pharmacology of the agents that can be used to reverse the effects of warfarin, giving examples (50% of marks)..
- 15A09: Classify and describe mechanisms of drug interactions with examples.
- 15A10: Compare and contrast the pharmacology of mannitol and hypertonic saline.
- 15A11: Outline the pharmacology of sodium nitroprusside (50% of marks). Discuss the mechanisms of toxicity and their management (50% of marks).
- 15A12: Describe the effects of resonance and damping on an invasive arterial blood pressure tracing
- 15A13: Describe how carbon dioxide (CO2) is carried in the blood.
- 15A14: How is blood typed and cross-matched?
- 15A15: Describe the different types of hypersensitivity reactions including an example of each
- 15A16 : Describe the physiology of cerebrospinal fluid.
- 15A17: Describe the oxygen cascade in a person breathing room air at sea level.
- 15A18: Outline the role of the liver in the metabolism of fat (1/3 marks), carbohydrate (1/3 marks) and proteins (1/3 marks)
- 15A19: Describe the effects of ageing on the cardiovascular system.
- 15A20: Describe the anatomy of the sympathetic nervous system.
- 15A21: Describe the pharmacodynamic effects and indications for the use of anticholinesterase drugs.
- 15A22 : Compare and contrast dexmedetomidine and ketamine
- 15A24: Outline the anatomy of the larynx
- 14B01: Classify commonly used inotropic agents. (40% of marks) Outline four different mechanisms of action for inotropic agents. (60% of marks)
- 14B02 : Describe the pharmacology of Phenytoin (75% of marks) and Levetiracetam (25% of marks).
- 14B03: Describe the physiological consequences of Positive End-Expiratory Pressure (PEEP).
- 14B04: Outline the anatomy and physiology of the parasympathetic nervous system.
- 14B05: Describe the effects of V/Q inequality on the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) and carbon dioxide (PaCO2) in arterial blood
- 14B06: List the mechanisms involved in heat production and loss by the body. (80% of marks) Define thermoneutral zone and inter-threshold range. (20% of marks)
- 14B07: Outline the mechanisms that potentiate the action of non-depolarising muscle relaxants and give examples.
- 14B08: Outline how the following tests assess coagulation
- 14B09: Outline the fate of the triglyceride component of orally ingested fat
- 14B10: Describe the adult coronary circulation and its regulation.
- 14B11: Describe the mechanisms of action of drugs used to treat acute severe asthma and give examples.
- 14B12: Describe the role of the kidneys in the excretion of non-volatile acid.
- 14B13: Outline the pharmacology of amiodarone.
- 14B15: Define the terms tolerance and tachyphylaxis. (20% of marks) Describe the different mechanisms by which tolerance can develop, and give examples for each. (80% of marks)
- 14B16: Describe the baroreceptors & their role in the control of blood pressure.
- 14B17: Describe the pharmacology of oxygen.
- 14B18: Explain the similarities and differences between myoglobin and adult haemoglobin (60% of marks) and their physiologic relevance (40% of marks).
- 14B19: Describe the factors that determine right and left ventricular afterload.
- 14B20: Describe the pharmacology of magnesium sulphate
- 14B21: Compare and contrast the pharmacology of haloperidol and diazepam.
- 14B22: Describe how the values for PaO2, PaCO2, pH and HCO3- are determined on a blood gas sample
- 14B23: Describe the regulation of sodium in the body.
- 14B24: Describe the control of gastric emptying.
- 14A01: Outline the motor and sensory pathways involved in withdrawing the lower limb from a painful stimulus.
- 14A02: Classify calcium channel blockers, and give an example for each classification. (30% of marks) Describe the pharmacology of verapamil. (70% of marks)
- 14A03: Describe the neural integration of vomiting. (60% of marks) Describe the pharmacology of ondansetron. (40% of marks)
- 14A04: Describe the respiratory changes during pregnancy
- 14A05: Describe the pharmacological effects of paracetamol. (40% of marks) Outline its toxic effects and their management. (60% of marks)
- 14A07: Outline the principles underlying pulse oximetry. ( 80% of marks) Briefly describe the effect of an elevated level of the following upon pulse oximetry values. (20% of marks) a) Carboxyhaemaglobin b) Methaemaglobin
- 14A08: Describe the physiology of skeletal muscle cell contraction.
- 14A09: Discuss the factors that may potentially influence the speed of onset of neuromuscular blockade.
- 14A10: Classify bacteria according to the Gram stain system and their shape. Give two examples for each classification. (40% of marks) List with examples the mechanisms of bacterial antibiotic resistance. (60% of marks)
- 14A11: Outline the formation, structure and function of the adult red blood cell.
- 14A12: Describe autoregulation within peripheral circulations.
- 14A13: Describe the cough Reflex.
- 14A14: Using a diagram, explain the effect of PaO2, PaCO2 and MAP (Mean Arterial Pressure) on cerebral blood flow (CBF). (60 % of marks) Outline the effects of propofol and ketamine on CBF and cerebral metabolic requirement for oxygen (CMRO2). (40% of marks)
- 14A15: What is lung compliance and how is it measured?
- 14A16: Describe, with the aid of a diagram, the structure of the cell membrane, (40% marks) and transmembrane transport processes. (60% marks)
- 14A17: Classify local anaesthetic agents and give examples (30 marks). Describe the pharmacology of lignocaine
- 14A18: Outline the anatomy of the internal jugular vein. (80% of marks) Describe the Doppler Effect. (20% of marks)
- 14A19: Define cardiac output. (10% of marks)Outline the factors that affect cardiac output. (60% of marks) Briefly describe the thermodilution method of measuring cardiac output.(30% of marks)
- 14A20: Describe the factors affecting drug absorption from the gastrointestinal tract.
- 14A21: Compare and contrast the mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects and monitoring of effect of dabigatran and warfarin.
- 14A22: What is a buffer? (10% of marks) Discuss the body’s buffer systems and how they work. (90%of the marks)
- 14A23: What is the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)? Discuss the physiological factors that can influence it.
- 14A24: Describe the mechanism of action of the analgesic effect of opiates. (70% of marks) Explain the mechanism by which morphine causes respiratory depression and constipation. (30% of marks)