Hypercapnic acidosis decreased exhaled NO during hypoxia more than hypercapnia with normal pH and normocapnia, whereas intravascular NO release was unchanged Download HPVC PDF

The DOP receptor was the first to be cloned and is less widely distributed relative to the other opioid receptors. Highest densities are found in the olfactory bulb, cerebral cortex, nucleus accumbens and the caudate putamen. DOP receptors are located presynaptically on primary afferents where they inhibit the release of neurotransmitters. Through both spinal and supraspinal sites, the receptor is involved in the antinociceptive/analgesic actions of some opioids. However, DOP receptor agonists have also been shown to reduce gastrointestinal tract motility and cause respiratory depression.5 Studies with DOP receptor knockout mice revealed that they display hyperlocomotor activity and it is assumed the receptor, under basal conditions, may dampen locomotor behaviour. DOP receptor knockout mice also displayed anxiogenic and depressive-like responses, suggesting that the receptor may act to regulate mood.

MCQ was recalled as shown, however…   All enhance HPVC   Attenuation via alkalosis and volatiles

• Intrinsic clearance = hepatic metabolism of drugs if unlimited & all drug was unbound
• High intrinsic clearance (lignocaine, M, propranolol)
  • Almost all drug presented to liver removed
  • ∴limited by HBF
• Low intrinsic clearance (warfarin, diazepam)
  • Liver already maximally metabolising
  • ∴limited by enzyme activity
• PPB → only unbound drug can be metabolised
  • High IC → ∆ PPB has maximal effect on clearance
  • Low IC → ∆ PPB has significant effect on clearance
• Hepatic BF →↑BF = ↑drug presented for metabolism per unit time
  • High IC = ↑BF = ↑Clearance
  • Low IC = ↑BF = not much ∆ clearance

Evaporation = transfer of heat by evaporation of water   600-700ml of water evaporates / day   20% heat loss   The only way to lose heat when ambient temp > Body temp   Evaporative heat loss depends on the vapour pressure of water in air so at higher humidities the rate of evaporation decreases

Thermoneutral Zone = ambient temp where we do not have to actively regulate our body temp

Proteins: The respiratory quotient for protein metabolism can be demonstrated by the chemical equation for oxidation of albumin: C₇₂H₁₁₂N₁₈O₂₂S + 77 O₂ → 63 CO₂ + 38 H₂O + SO₃ + 9 CO(NH₂)₂ The RQ for protein is approximately 0.8. RQ = 63 CO₂/ 77O₂ = 0.8 Due to the complexity of the various ways in which different amino acids can be metabolized, no single RQ can be assigned to the oxidation of protein in the diet; however, 0.8 is a frequently utilized estimate Openanaesthesia.org

The action of Levosimendan on K_ATP channels

Due to RV valve bulging backwards into RA as RV contracts