2019 - Multiple Choice Questions

What is the pKa of the phosphate buffer system?
  1. pKa 6.1
  2. pKa 6.8 Signifcant in ICF & urine
  3. pKa 7.4
  4. pKa 8.1
The sodium concentration in 0.9% (Normal) Saline is approximately:
  1. 115 mmol/L
  2. 128 mmol/L
  3. 130 mmol/L
  4. 150 mmol/L
The arteriovenous oxygen concentration difference is GREATEST for the:
  1. Brain
  2. Heart
  3. Liver
  4. Lungs
During the cardiac cycle, aortic valve closure coincides with:
  1. The beginning of isovolumetric relaxation
  2. The ‘c wave’ of the central venous pressure trace
  3. The first heart sound
  4. The ‘T wave’ of the electrocardiograph (EGG)
Lactate produced during strenuous exercise is predominantly:​
  1. Converted to acetoacetate in muscle
  2. Converted to glucose in the liver (Cori Cycle)
  3. Converted to pyruvate in muscle
  4. Converted to urea in the liver
The measured peak end tidal CO2 (PETCO2) is normally:
  1. At the end of phase II on a typical capnograph
  2. Detected using side-stream or main-stream Doppler sensors
  3. Higher than measured PaC02 when PEEP is applied during SIMV
  4. Lower than PaC02 due to dead space
Which of the following has the LEAST mineralocorticoid activity?
  1. Aldosterone
  2. Cortisol
  3. Dexamethasone
  4. Prednisone
What is the mechanism of action of vancomycin?
  1. Inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis
  2. Inhibition of bacterial DNA synthesis
  3. Inhibition of bacterial ribosomes
  4. Inhibition of beta-lactamase
Metabolic effects of adrenaline on the liver include the stimulation of:
  1. Gluconeogenesis
  2. Glycogenolysis
  3. Protein synthesis
  4. Triglyceride synthesis
Glycogenolysis And Gluconeogenesis…
Metabolic effects of Cortisol include:
  1. Increased inflammatory mediator production
  2. Increased protein synthesis
  3. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation
  4. Stimulation of gluconeogenesis
Normal cerebral blood flow in mL/100g brain tissue/min is approximately:
  1. 20
  2. 50ml/100g
  3. 85
  4. 420
The following is an example of a prodrug:
  1. Enalapril
  2. Hydralazine
  3. Metoprolol
  4. Nifedipine
Growth hormone:
  1. Increases osteoblast activity
  2. Is a steroid hormone
  3. Is released evenly during a 24-hour period
  4. Reduces fatty acid secretion
Renal blood flow:
  1. Is about 600 ml/min per kidney
  2. Is directly measured by infusing para-aminohippuric acid (PAH)
  3. Is increased by sympathetic tone
  4. Per gram of tissue, is the highest blood flow of any organ
To which of the following side effects of opioid analgesics does tolerance MOST develop?
  1. Bradycardia
  2. Constipation
  3. Miosis
  4. Nausea and vomiting
With reference to benzodiazepines:
  1. A single dose of midazolam has a quick offset of action due to rapid renal clearance
  2. Diazepam undergoes hepatic metabolism to active desmethyldiazepam
  3. Flumazenil is a non-competitive antagonist competitively inhibits
  4. Lorazepam has a short duration of action
Dobutamine:​
  1. Decreases urine output
  2. Has a half-life of 45 minutes
  3. Increases atrioventricular nodal conduction velocity
  4. Is a selective alpha agonist
Type I hypersensitivity:
  1. Involves production of IgG and IgM
  2. Involves Th1 and CD8+ bearing cells
  3. Is associated with increased vascular permeability and vasodilation
  4. The prototype is autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
Adrenaline is secreted by the:
  1. Adrenal medulla
  2. Zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex
  3. Zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex
  4. Zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex
What hormone do the D (delta) cells of the pancreas secrete?
  1. Glucagon
  2. Insulin
  3. Pancreatic polypeptide
  4. Somatostatin