2026 - Multiple Choice Questions

What statement is true regarding the function of the Na+/K+ ATPase
  1. Pumps 3Na+ into cell and 2 K+ out of cell
  2. Pumps 3 Na+ out of cell and 2K+ into cell
  3. Pumps 2Na+ into cell and 3K+ out of cell
  4. Pumps 2Na+ out of cell and 3K+ into cell
What is the Respiratory Quotient of carbohydrates
  1. 0.1
  2. 1
  3. 0.7
  4. 0.8
Idarucizumab is a reversal agent for which drug?
  1. Digoxin
  2. Dabigatran
  3. Apixaban
  4. Clopidogrel
Drugs with a low HER are dependent on which factor(s) for clearance
  1. Blood flow
  2. Enzymatic activity and blood flow
  3. Protein binding and enzymatic activity
  4. Blood flow and protein binding
Loop B on the following (left ventricular) pressure volume loop shows an increase in WHAT compared to loop A? (see image 1)
  1. Afterload
  2. Elastance
  3. Compliance
  4. Preload
Cardiac pressure-volume loops labeled Loop A and B
In relation to Fresh Frozen Plasma: A patient with a blood group A Rh positive is *most likely* to have an acute haemolytic transfusion reaction from a donor unit with blood group:
  1. A Rh positive
  2. AB Rh negative
  3. B Rh positive
  4. A Rh negative
When does phenytoin change from first-order to ZERO-order kinetics?
  1. Below the therapeutic range
  2. Inside the therapeutic range
  3. Above the therapeutic rage
  4. Phenytoin does not exhibit zero-order kinetics
What is the mechanism in which metformin causes lactic acidosis?
  1. Inhibition of pyruvate carboxylase
  2. Inhibition of carnitine shuttle
  3. Inhibition of lactate dehydrogenase
  4. Inhibition of renal clearance of lactate
The cerebral blood flow (mL/min) supplying the **grey matter** is approximately:
  1. 50mL/min
  2. 500mL/min
  3. 1000mL/min
  4. 1500mL/min
Which of the following best describes the Gram stain and morphological classification of Nocardia?
  1. Gram positive coccus
  2. Gram negative coccus
  3. Gram positive bacillus
  4. Gram negative bacillus
In a healthy 70 kg adult in the fasting, resting state, the splanchnic circulation receives approximately what percentage of the total cardiac output?
  1. 10 percent
  2. 25 percent
  3. 40 percent
  4. 55 percent
According to the gate control theory of pain, the activation of which nerve fibers inhibits pain transmission in the dorsal horn?
  1. The A-beta fibers
  2. The A-delta fibers
  3. The B fibers
  4. The C fibers
What is the effect of pure carbon monoxide poisoning on standard non-co-oximeter arterial oxygen variables?
  1. Low SpO2, low PaO2, normal SaO2
  2. Low SpO2, normal PaO2, low SaO2
  3. Normal SpO2, low PaO2, normal SaO2
  4. Normal SpO2, normal PaO2, normal SaO2
A patient has a measured cardiac output of 6.0 Lpm, a heart rate of 77bpm, and a left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV) of 120 mL. What is their left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)?
  1. 35 percent
  2. 45 percent
  3. 55 percent
  4. 65 percent
What approximate percentage of circulating noradrenaline is cleared during a single pass through the pulmonary circulation?
  1. Less than 10 percent
  2. B. 30 percent
  3. 60 percent
  4. 90 percent
What best describes regional lung compliance in the apex compared to the base of the lung in an upright adult?
  1. Compliance is dependent on whether the lung is in inspiration vs expiration
  2. The same as the lung base
  3. Higher at the apex
  4. Lower at the apex
How much does ALVEOLAR Po2 change with respiration?
  1. 1mmHg
  2. 3mmHg
  3. 6mmHg
  4. 9mmHg
Which of the following is most associated with early afterdepolarisations (EADs)?
  1. Hypokalaemia
  2. Hypercalcaemia
  3. Hypermagnesaemia
  4. Increased resting membrane potential (more negative)
During exercise, pulmonary artery pressure remains relatively stable despite increased cardiac output. Which mechanism best explains this?
  1. Pulmonary arterial vasoconstriction and reduced capillary perfusion
  2. Pulmonary capillary recruitment and distension
  3. Increased right ventricular contractility causing increased pulmonary vascular resistance
  4. Closure of alveolar capillaries to maintain ventilation–perfusion matching
What is the mechanism of action of carvedilol?
  1. Beta 1, beta 2 antagonist and alpha 1 agonist
  2. Beta 1, beta 2 and alpha 1 antagonist
  3. Beta 1 and beta 2 antagonist
  4. Beta 1, beta 2, alpha 1 and alpha 2 antagonist