2019 - Multiple Choice Questions

Which of the following has the HIGHEST osmolality?
  1. 0.9% saline 300mOsm/kg
  2. 4% albumin 250 mOsm/kg (higher tonicity)
  3. 5% dextrose 278
  4. Hartmann’s solution (Lactated Ringers) 274
Regarding the molecular configuration of Foetal haemoglobin (Hb F):
  1. Contains beta chains with valine substituted for glutamic acid (Sickle cell)
  2. Contains iron in the Ferric form (metHb)
  3. Contains two alpha and two delta polypeptide subunits (Variant of HbA, normal)
  4. Contains two alpha and two gamma polypeptide subunits
Sildenafil is used for:
  1. Its dromotrophic action
  2. Its inotropic action
  3. Its natriuretic action
  4. Its vasodilatory action
Which volume best approximates vital capacity in a healthy adult?
  1. 2400 ml
  2. 3500 ml
  3. 4700 ml
  4. 5900 ml
In a normal 70 kg adult, the left ventricular volume immediately prior to opening of the aortic valve is:
  1. 40 ml
  2. 70 ml
  3. EDV 140 ml
  4. 180 ml
Of the following partial pressures at sea level (760 mmHg), which is the HIGHEST in expired air?
  1. Carbon dioxide
  2. Nitrogen
  3. Oxygen
  4. Water
Regarding tranexamic acid:
  1. Administration requires dose reduction in hepatic impairment – renally excreted 95% unchanged
  2. It can only be given intravenously – topically in dentistry
  3. It competes for lysine binding sites on plasmin and plasminogen, blocking their interaction with fibrin
  4. It inhibits the fibrinolytic activity of plasminogen-streptokinase complex
During turbulent flow:
  1. Gas penetration to the airways is higher than laminar flow
  2. The driving pressure is proportional to the density of the gas
  3. The driving pressure is unrelated to the gas flow rate
  4. The Reynolds number is low
Which of the following is a partial agonist at the mu (μ) opioid receptor?
  1. Buprenorphine
  2. Codeine
  3. Fentanyl
  4. Pethidine
Which of the following statements is MOST true for West's zone 3 of the lung?
  1. Alveolar pressure exceeds arterial pressure
  2. Blood flow is determined by arterial pressure minus venous pressure
  3. Venous pressure is lower than alveolar pressure
  4. Venous pressure exceeds arterial pressure
Regarding clinical ultrasound, which statement is correct:
  1. Attenuation of the signal can be reduced by high frequency (>20 MHz) transducers
  2. Image resolution is improved at lower frequencies
  3. Longer wavelengths result in greater tissue penetration
  4. Penetration of tissues is directly proportional to the wave frequency
Regarding the central venous pressure wave:
  1. The “a wave” represents tricuspid valve closure
  2. The “v wave” follows the “y descent”
  3. The “y descent” occurs on the descent of the “a wave”
  4. The “y descent” occurs on the descent of the “v wave”
Which of the following agents inhibits factor Xa in-vivo?
  1. Aprotinin – pancreatic trypsin inhibitor
  2. Epsilon aminocaproic acid – synthetic inhibitor of the plasmin-plasminogen system
  3. Rivaroxaban – free Xa & Xabound in complex inhibits
  4. Tranexamic acid – binds lysine on plasminogen and presvents it being converted to plasmin
The following are acute phase proteins associated with inflammation except:
  1. Albumin
  2. Fibrinogen
  3. Haptoglobin
  4. Troponin I
Angiotensin II:
  1. Constricts renal arterioles
  2. Is a steroid hormone
  3. Is a vasodilator
  4. Is produced mainly in the kidney
The proximal convoluted tubule of the kidney:
  1. Is impermeable to urea – 50% reabs PCT
  2. Is incapable of active transport
  3. Is responsible for 20% of sodium reabsorption
  4. Is responsible for 60% of sodium reabsorption
Propofol acts at the following site:
  1. Inhibitory interneurons causing chloride efflux
  2. NMDA receptors causing hyperpolarisation
  3. Post-synaptic GABA A receptors causing hyperpolarisation
  4. Pre-synaptic nerve terminals causing depolarisation
The substance with the LOWEST intracellular ion concentration is:
  1. Ca++
  2. K+
  3. Mg++
  4. Na+
The MOST lateral anatomical structure is the:
  1. Femoral artery
  2. Femoral canal
  3. Femoral nerve
  4. Femoral vein
Regarding the Haldane effect, which statement is correct?
  1. Describes the rightward shift of the oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve in the tissues due to the effect of CO2 binding to haemoglobin
  2. Describes the rightward shift of the oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve with an increase in temperature
  3. Governs the respiratory exchange ratio for O2 uptake and CO2 production
  4. The affinity of haemoglobin for CO2 is reduced by the binding of O2 in the lungs