14A16: Describe, with the aid of a diagram, the structure of the cell membrane, (40% marks) and transmembrane transport processes. (60% marks)

14A17: Classify local anaesthetic agents and give examples (30 marks). Describe the pharmacology of lignocaine

14A09: Discuss the factors that may potentially influence the speed of onset of neuromuscular blockade.

14A08: Describe the physiology of skeletal muscle cell contraction.

14A20: Describe the factors affecting drug absorption from the gastrointestinal tract.

14A07: Outline the principles underlying pulse oximetry. ( 80% of marks) Briefly describe the effect of an elevated level of the following upon pulse oximetry values. (20% of marks) a) Carboxyhaemaglobin b) Methaemaglobin

14A02: Classify calcium channel blockers, and give an example for each classification. (30% of marks) Describe the pharmacology of verapamil. (70% of marks)

14A10: Classify bacteria according to the Gram stain system and their shape. Give two examples for each classification. (40% of marks) List with examples the mechanisms of bacterial antibiotic resistance. (60% of marks)

14A05: Describe the pharmacological effects of paracetamol. (40% of marks) Outline its toxic effects and their management. (60% of marks)

14A24: Describe the mechanism of action of the analgesic effect of opiates. (70% of marks) Explain the mechanism by which morphine causes respiratory depression and constipation. (30% of marks)

14A12: Describe autoregulation within peripheral circulations.

14A14: Using a diagram, explain the effect of PaO2, PaCO2 and MAP (Mean Arterial Pressure) on cerebral blood flow (CBF). (60 % of marks) Outline the effects of propofol and ketamine on CBF and cerebral metabolic requirement for oxygen (CMRO2). (40% of marks)

14A23: What is the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)? Discuss the physiological factors that can influence it.

14A13: Describe the cough Reflex.

14A03: Describe the neural integration of vomiting. (60% of marks) Describe the pharmacology of ondansetron. (40% of marks)

14A15: What is lung compliance and how is it measured?

14A01: Outline the motor and sensory pathways involved in withdrawing the lower limb from a painful stimulus.

14A21: Compare and contrast the mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects and monitoring of effect of dabigatran and warfarin.

14A11: Outline the formation, structure and function of the adult red blood cell.

14A22: What is a buffer? (10% of marks) Discuss the body’s buffer systems and how they work. (90%of the marks)